Techniques and apparatuses for odd-exponent quadrature amplitude modulation parity bit selection

ABSTRACT

Certain aspects of the present disclosure generally relate to wireless communication. In some aspects, a wireless communication device may determine an odd-exponent modulation constellation order for a group of bits; determine a parity bit location for the group of bits based at least in part on the odd-exponent modulation constellation order; and map the group of bits, with a parity bit in the parity bit location, to an odd-exponent modulation constellation of the odd-exponent modulation constellation order.

CROSS-REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS UNDER 35 U.S.C. § 120

This application claims priority to patent application Ser. No.15/656,580, filed on Jul. 21, 2017, entitled “TECHNIQUES AND APPARATUSESFOR ODD-EXPONENT QUADRATURE AMPLITUDE MODULATION,” which is herebyexpressly incorporated by reference herein.

FIELD OF THE DISCLOSURE

Aspects of the present disclosure generally relate to wirelesscommunication, and more particularly to techniques and apparatuses forodd-exponent (OE) quadrature amplitude modulation (QAM) parity bitselection.

BACKGROUND

Wireless communication systems are widely deployed to provide varioustelecommunication services, such as telephony, video, data, messaging,and broadcasts. Typical wireless communication systems may employmultiple-access technologies capable of supporting communication withmultiple users by sharing available system resources (e.g., bandwidth,transmit power, and/or the like). Examples of such multiple-accesstechnologies include code division multiple access (CDMA) systems, timedivision multiple access (TDMA) systems, frequency division multipleaccess (FDMA) systems, orthogonal frequency division multiple access(OFDMA) systems, single-carrier frequency divisional multiple access(SC-FDMA) systems, and time division synchronous code division multipleaccess (TD-SCDMA) systems.

These multiple access technologies have been adopted in varioustelecommunication standards to provide a common protocol that enablesdifferent wireless devices to communicate on a municipal, a national, aregional, and even a global level. An example of a telecommunicationstandard is Long Term Evolution (LTE). LTE is a set of enhancements tothe Universal Mobile Telecommunications System (UMTS) mobile standardpromulgated by Third Generation Partnership Project (3GPP). LTE isdesigned to better support mobile broadband Internet access by improvingspectral efficiency, lowering costs, improving services, using newspectrum, and integrating with other open standards using OFDMA on thedownlink (DL), SC-FDMA on the uplink (UL), and multiple-inputmultiple-output (MIMO) antenna technology.

SUMMARY

In some aspects, a method of wireless communication, performed by awireless communication device, may include determining an odd-exponentmodulation constellation order for a group of bits; determining a paritybit location for the group of bits based at least in part on theodd-exponent modulation constellation order; and mapping the group ofbits, with a parity bit in the parity bit location, to an odd-exponentmodulation constellation of the odd-exponent modulation constellationorder.

In some aspects, a wireless communication device may include a memoryand one or more processors operatively coupled to the memory. The memoryand the one or more processors may be configured to determine anodd-exponent modulation constellation order for a group of bits;determine a parity bit location for the group of bits based at least inpart on the odd-exponent modulation constellation order; and map thegroup of bits, with a parity bit in the parity bit location, to anodd-exponent modulation constellation of the odd-exponent modulationconstellation order.

In some aspects, a non-transitory computer-readable medium may store oneor more instructions for wireless communication. The one or moreinstructions, when executed by one or more processors of a wirelesscommunication device, may cause the one or more processors to determinean odd-exponent modulation constellation order for a group of bits;determine a parity bit location for the group of bits based at least inpart on the odd-exponent modulation constellation order; and map thegroup of bits, with a parity bit in the parity bit location, to anodd-exponent modulation constellation of the odd-exponent modulationconstellation order.

In some aspects, an apparatus for wireless communication may includemeans for determining an odd-exponent modulation constellation order fora group of bits; means for determining a parity bit location for thegroup of bits based at least in part on the odd-exponent modulationconstellation order; and means for mapping the group of bits, with aparity bit in the parity bit location, to an odd-exponent modulationconstellation of the odd-exponent modulation constellation order.

Aspects generally include a method, apparatus, system, computer programproduct, non-transitory computer-readable medium, user equipment,wireless communication device, and processing system as substantiallydescribed herein with reference to and as illustrated by theaccompanying drawings.

The foregoing has outlined rather broadly the features and technicaladvantages of examples according to the disclosure in order that thedetailed description that follows may be better understood. Additionalfeatures and advantages will be described hereinafter. The conceptionand specific examples disclosed may be readily utilized as a basis formodifying or designing other structures for carrying out the samepurposes of the present disclosure. Such equivalent constructions do notdepart from the scope of the appended claims. Characteristics of theconcepts disclosed herein, both their organization and method ofoperation, together with associated advantages will be better understoodfrom the following description when considered in connection with theaccompanying figures. Each of the figures is provided for the purpose ofillustration and description, and not as a definition of the limits ofthe claims.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

So that the manner in which the above-recited features of the presentdisclosure can be understood in detail, a more particular description,briefly summarized above, may be had by reference to aspects, some ofwhich are illustrated in the appended drawings. It is to be noted,however, that the appended drawings illustrate only certain typicalaspects of this disclosure and are therefore not to be consideredlimiting of its scope, for the description may admit to other equallyeffective aspects. The same reference numbers in different drawings mayidentify the same or similar elements.

FIG. 1 is a diagram illustrating an example deployment in which multiplewireless networks have overlapping coverage, in accordance with variousaspects of the present disclosure.

FIG. 2 is a diagram illustrating an example access network in an LTEnetwork architecture, in accordance with various aspects of the presentdisclosure.

FIG. 3 is a diagram illustrating an example of a downlink framestructure in LTE, in accordance with various aspects of the presentdisclosure.

FIG. 4 is a diagram illustrating an example of an uplink frame structurein LTE, in accordance with various aspects of the present disclosure.

FIG. 5 is a diagram illustrating an example of a radio protocolarchitecture for a user plane and a control plane in LTE, in accordancewith various aspects of the present disclosure.

FIG. 6 is a diagram illustrating example components of an evolved Node Band a user equipment in an access network, in accordance with variousaspects of the present disclosure.

FIGS. 7A and 7B are diagrams illustrating examples of generating anodd-exponent modulation constellation, in accordance with variousaspects of the present disclosure.

FIG. 8 is a diagram illustrating an example of bit error rate and signalto noise ratio performance for even-exponent QAM and odd-exponent QAM,in accordance with various aspects of the present disclosure.

FIG. 9 is a diagram illustrating an example of coverage ranges ofeven-exponent QAM and odd-exponent QAM, in accordance with variousaspects of the present disclosure.

FIG. 10 is a diagram illustrating an example process performed, forexample, by a wireless communication device, in accordance with variousaspects of the present disclosure.

FIG. 11 is a conceptual data flow diagram illustrating the data flowbetween different modules/means/components in an example apparatus.

FIG. 12 is a diagram illustrating an example of a hardwareimplementation for an apparatus employing a processing system.

FIG. 13 is a diagram illustrating an example of generating anodd-exponent modulation constellation with a parity bit in a particularlocation, in accordance with various aspects of the present disclosure.

FIGS. 14A-14C are diagrams of examples of Hamming distances for an8OE-QAM modulation constellation.

FIG. 15 is a diagram illustrating an example chart of bit error rate andsignal to noise ratio for an 8OE-QAM constellation with different paritybit locations.

FIG. 16 is a diagram illustrating an example process performed, forexample, by a wireless communication device, in accordance with variousaspects of the present disclosure.

FIG. 17 is a conceptual data flow diagram illustrating the data flowbetween different modules/means/components in an example apparatus.

FIG. 18 is a diagram 1800 illustrating an example of a hardwareimplementation for an apparatus 1702′ employing a processing system1802.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION

The detailed description set forth below, in connection with theappended drawings, is intended as a description of variousconfigurations and is not intended to represent the only configurationsin which the concepts described herein may be practiced. The detaileddescription includes specific details for providing a thoroughunderstanding of the various concepts. However, it will be apparent tothose skilled in the art that these concepts may be practiced withoutthese specific details.

The techniques described herein may be used for one or more of variouswireless communication networks such as code division multiple access(CDMA) networks, time division multiple access (TDMA) networks,frequency division multiple access (FDMA) networks, orthogonal FDMA(OFDMA) networks, single carrier FDMA (SC-FDMA) networks, or other typesof networks. A CDMA network may implement a radio access technology(RAT) such as universal terrestrial radio access (UTRA), CDMA2000,and/or the like. UTRA may include wideband CDMA (WCDMA) and/or othervariants of CDMA. CDMA2000 may include Interim Standard (IS)-2000, IS-95and IS-856 standards. IS-2000 may also be referred to as 1× radiotransmission technology (1×RTT), CDMA2000 1×, and/or the like. A TDMAnetwork may implement a RAT such as global system for mobilecommunications (GSM), enhanced data rates for GSM evolution (EDGE), orGSM/EDGE radio access network (GERAN). An OFDMA network may implement aRAT such as evolved UTRA (E-UTRA), ultra mobile broadband (UMB),Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE) 802.11 (Wi-Fi),IEEE 802.16 (WiMAX), IEEE 802.20, Flash-OFDM, and/or the like. UTRA andE-UTRA may be part of the universal mobile telecommunication system(UMTS). 3GPP long-term evolution (LTE) and LTE-Advanced (LTE-A) areexample releases of UMTS that use E-UTRA, which employs OFDMA on thedownlink and SC-FDMA on the uplink. UTRA, E-UTRA, UMTS, LTE, LTE-A andGSM are described in documents from an organization named “3rdGeneration Partnership Project” (3GPP). CDMA2000 and UMB are describedin documents from an organization named “3rd Generation PartnershipProject 2” (3GPP2). The techniques described herein may be used for thewireless networks and RATs mentioned above as well as other wirelessnetworks and RATs.

FIG. 1 is a diagram illustrating an example deployment 100 in whichmultiple wireless networks have overlapping coverage, in accordance withvarious aspects of the present disclosure. However, wireless networksmay not have overlapping coverage in aspects. As shown, exampledeployment 100 may include an evolved universal terrestrial radio accessnetwork (E-UTRAN) 105, which may include one or more evolved Node Bs(eNBs) 110, and which may communicate with other devices or networks viaa serving gateway (SGW) 115 and/or a mobility management entity (MME)120. As further shown, example deployment 100 may include a radio accessnetwork (RAN) 125, which may include one or more base stations 130, andwhich may communicate with other devices or networks via a mobileswitching center (MSC) 135 and/or an inter-working function (IWF) 140.As further shown, example deployment 100 may include one or more userequipment (UEs) 145 capable of communicating via E-UTRAN 105 and/or RAN125.

E-UTRAN 105 may support, for example, LTE or another type of RAT.E-UTRAN 105 may include eNBs 110 and other network entities that cansupport wireless communication for UEs 145. Each eNB 110 may providecommunication coverage for a particular geographic area. The term “cell”may refer to a coverage area of eNB 110 and/or an eNB subsystem servingthe coverage area on a specific frequency channel.

SGW 115 may communicate with E-UTRAN 105 and may perform variousfunctions, such as packet routing and forwarding, mobility anchoring,packet buffering, initiation of network-triggered services, and/or thelike. MME 120 may communicate with E-UTRAN 105 and SGW 115 and mayperform various functions, such as mobility management, bearermanagement, distribution of paging messages, security control,authentication, gateway selection, and/or the like, for UEs 145 locatedwithin a geographic region served by MME 120 of E-UTRAN 105. The networkentities in LTE are described in 3GPP Technical Specification (TS)36.300, entitled “Evolved Universal Terrestrial Radio Access (E-UTRA)and Evolved Universal Terrestrial Radio Access Network (E-UTRAN);Overall description,” which is publicly available.

RAN 125 may support, for example, GSM or another type of RAT. RAN 125may include base stations 130 and other network entities that cansupport wireless communication for UEs 145. MSC 135 may communicate withRAN 125 and may perform various functions, such as voice services,routing for circuit-switched calls, and mobility management for UEs 145located within a geographic region served by MSC 135 of RAN 125. In someaspects, IWF 140 may facilitate communication between MME 120 and MSC135 (e.g., when E-UTRAN 105 and RAN 125 use different RATs).Additionally, or alternatively, MME 120 may communicate directly with anMME that interfaces with RAN 125, for example, without IWF 140 (e.g.,when E-UTRAN 105 and RAN 125 use a same RAT). In some aspects, E-UTRAN105 and RAN 125 may use the same frequency and/or the same RAT tocommunicate with UE 145. In some aspects, E-UTRAN 105 and RAN 125 mayuse different frequencies and/or RATs to communicate with UEs 145. Asused herein, the term base station is not tied to any particular RAT,and may refer to an eNB (e.g., of an LTE network) or another type ofbase station associated with a different type of RAT.

In general, any number of wireless networks may be deployed in a givengeographic area. Each wireless network may support a particular RAT andmay operate on one or more frequencies. A RAT may also be referred to asa radio technology, an air interface, and/or the like. A frequency orfrequency ranges may also be referred to as a carrier, a frequencychannel, and/or the like. Each frequency or frequency range may supporta single RAT in a given geographic area in order to avoid interferencebetween wireless networks of different RATs.

UE 145 may be stationary or mobile and may also be referred to as amobile station, a terminal, an access terminal, a wireless communicationdevice, a subscriber unit, a station, and/or the like. UE 145 may be acellular phone, a personal digital assistant (PDA), a wireless modem, awireless communication device, a handheld device, a laptop computer, acordless phone, a wireless local loop (WLL) station, and/or the like. UE145 may be included inside a housing that houses components of UE 145,such as processor components, memory components, and/or the like.

Upon power up, UE 145 may search for wireless networks from which UE 145can receive communication services. If UE 145 detects more than onewireless network, then a wireless network with the highest priority maybe selected to serve UE 145 and may be referred to as the servingnetwork. UE 145 may perform registration with the serving network, ifnecessary. UE 145 may then operate in a connected mode to activelycommunicate with the serving network. Alternatively, UE 145 may operatein an idle mode and camp on the serving network if active communicationis not required by UE 145.

UE 145 may operate in the idle mode as follows. UE 145 may identify allfrequencies/RATs on which it is able to find a “suitable” cell in anormal scenario or an “acceptable” cell in an emergency scenario, where“suitable” and “acceptable” are specified in the LTE standards. UE 145may then camp on the frequency/RAT with the highest priority among allidentified frequencies/RATs. UE 145 may remain camped on thisfrequency/RAT until either (i) the frequency/RAT is no longer availableat a predetermined threshold or (ii) another frequency/RAT with a higherpriority reaches this threshold. In some aspects, UE 145 may receive aneighbor list when operating in the idle mode, such as a neighbor listincluded in a system information block type 5 (SIB 5) provided by an eNBof a RAT on which UE 145 is camped. Additionally, or alternatively, UE145 may generate a neighbor list. A neighbor list may includeinformation identifying one or more frequencies, at which one or moreRATs may be accessed, priority information associated with the one ormore RATs, and/or the like.

The number and arrangement of devices and networks shown in FIG. 1 areprovided as an example. In practice, there may be additional devicesand/or networks, fewer devices and/or networks, different devices and/ornetworks, or differently arranged devices and/or networks than thoseshown in FIG. 1. Furthermore, two or more devices shown in FIG. 1 may beimplemented within a single device, or a single device shown in FIG. 1may be implemented as multiple, distributed devices. Additionally, oralternatively, a set of devices (e.g., one or more devices) shown inFIG. 1 may perform one or more functions described as being performed byanother set of devices shown in FIG. 1.

FIG. 2 is a diagram illustrating an example access network 200 in an LTEnetwork architecture, in accordance with various aspects of the presentdisclosure. As shown, access network 200 may include one or more eNBs210 (sometimes referred to as “base stations” herein) that serve acorresponding set of cellular regions (cells) 220, one or more low powereNBs 230 that serve a corresponding set of cells 240, and a set of UEs250.

Each eNB 210 may be assigned to a respective cell 220 and may beconfigured to provide an access point to a RAN. For example, eNB 110,210 may provide an access point for UE 145, 250 to E-UTRAN 105 (e.g.,eNB 210 may correspond to eNB 110, shown in FIG. 1) or may provide anaccess point for UE 145, 250 to RAN 125 (e.g., eNB 210 may correspond tobase station 130, shown in FIG. 1). In some cases, the terms basestation and eNB may be used interchangeably, and a base station, as usedherein, is not tied to any particular RAT. UE 145, 250 may correspond toUE 145, shown in FIG. 1. FIG. 2 does not illustrate a centralizedcontroller for example access network 200, but access network 200 mayuse a centralized controller in some aspects. The eNBs 210 may performradio related functions including radio bearer control, admissioncontrol, mobility control, scheduling, security, and networkconnectivity (e.g., to SGW 115).

As shown in FIG. 2, one or more low power eNBs 230 may serve respectivecells 240, which may overlap with one or more cells 220 served by eNBs210. The eNBs 230 may correspond to eNB 110 associated with E-UTRAN 105and/or base station 130 associated with RAN 125, shown in FIG. 1. A lowpower eNB 230 may be referred to as a remote radio head (RRH). The lowpower eNB 230 may include a femto cell eNB (e.g., home eNB (HeNB)), apico cell eNB, a micro cell eNB, and/or the like.

A modulation and multiple access scheme employed by access network 200may vary depending on the particular telecommunications standard beingdeployed. In LTE applications, orthogonal frequency divisionmultiplexing (OFDM) is used on the downlink (DL) and SC-FDMA is used onthe uplink (UL) to support both frequency division duplexing (FDD) andtime division duplexing (TDD). The various concepts presented herein arewell suited for LTE applications. However, these concepts may be readilyextended to other telecommunication standards employing other modulationand multiple access techniques. By way of example, these concepts may beextended to Evolution-Data Optimized (EV-DO) or Ultra Mobile Broadband(UMB). EV-DO and UMB are air interface standards promulgated by the 3rdGeneration Partnership Project 2 (3GPP2) as part of the CDMA2000 familyof standards and employs CDMA to provide broadband Internet access tomobile stations. As another example, these concepts may also be extendedto UTRA employing WCDMA and other variants of CDMA (e.g., such asTD-SCDMA, GSM employing TDMA, E-UTRA, and/or the like), UMB, IEEE 802.11(Wi-Fi), IEEE 802.16 (WiMAX), IEEE 802.20, Flash-OFDM employing OFDMA,and/or the like. UTRA, E-UTRA, UMTS, LTE and GSM are described indocuments from the 3GPP organization. CDMA2000 and UMB are described indocuments from the 3GPP2 organization. The actual wireless communicationstandard and the multiple access technology employed will depend on thespecific application and the overall design constraints imposed on thesystem.

The eNBs 210 may have multiple antennas supporting MIMO technology. Theuse of MIMO technology enables eNBs 210 to exploit the spatial domain tosupport spatial multiplexing, beamforming, and transmit diversity.Spatial multiplexing may be used to transmit different streams of datasimultaneously on the same frequency. The data streams may betransmitted to a single UE 145, 250 to increase the data rate or tomultiple UEs 250 to increase the overall system capacity. This may beachieved by spatially precoding each data stream (e.g., applying ascaling of an amplitude and a phase) and then transmitting eachspatially precoded stream through multiple transmit antennas on the DL.The spatially precoded data streams arrive at the UE(s) 250 withdifferent spatial signatures, which enables each of the UE(s) 250 torecover the one or more data streams destined for that UE 145, 250. Onthe UL, each UE 145, 250 transmits a spatially precoded data stream,which enables eNBs 210 to identify the source of each spatially precodeddata stream.

Spatial multiplexing is generally used when channel conditions are good.When channel conditions are less favorable, beamforming may be used tofocus the transmission energy in one or more directions. This may beachieved by spatially precoding the data for transmission throughmultiple antennas. To achieve good coverage at the edges of the cell, asingle stream beamforming transmission may be used in combination withtransmit diversity.

In the detailed description that follows, various aspects of an accessnetwork will be described with reference to a MIMO system supportingOFDM on the DL. OFDM is a spread-spectrum technique that modulates dataover a number of subcarriers within an OFDM symbol. The subcarriers arespaced apart at precise frequencies. The spacing provides“orthogonality” that enables a receiver to recover the data from thesubcarriers. In the time domain, a guard interval (e.g., cyclic prefix)may be added to each OFDM symbol to combat inter-OFDM-symbolinterference. The UL may use SC-FDMA in the form of a discrete FourierTransform (DFT)-spread OFDM signal to compensate for highpeak-to-average power ratio (PAPR).

The number and arrangement of devices and cells shown in FIG. 2 areprovided as an example. In practice, there may be additional devicesand/or cells, fewer devices and/or cells, different devices and/orcells, or differently arranged devices and/or cells than those shown inFIG. 2. Furthermore, two or more devices shown in FIG. 2 may beimplemented within a single device, or a single device shown in FIG. 2may be implemented as multiple, distributed devices. Additionally, oralternatively, a set of devices (e.g., one or more devices) shown inFIG. 2 may perform one or more functions described as being performed byanother set of devices shown in FIG. 2.

FIG. 3 is a diagram illustrating an example 300 of a downlink (DL) framestructure in LTE, in accordance with various aspects of the presentdisclosure. A frame (e.g., of 10 ms) may be divided into 10 equallysized sub-frames with indices of 0 through 9. Each sub-frame may includetwo consecutive time slots. A resource grid may be used to represent twotime slots, each time slot including a resource block (RB). The resourcegrid is divided into multiple resource elements. In LTE, a resourceblock includes 12 consecutive subcarriers in the frequency domain and,for a normal cyclic prefix in each OFDM symbol, 7 consecutive OFDMsymbols in the time domain, or 84 resource elements. For an extendedcyclic prefix, a resource block includes 6 consecutive OFDM symbols inthe time domain and has 72 resource elements. Some of the resourceelements, as indicated as R 310 and R 320, include DL reference signals(DL-RS). The DL-RS include Cell-specific RS (CRS) (also sometimes calledcommon RS) 310 and UE-specific RS (UE-RS) 320. UE-RS 320 are transmittedonly on the resource blocks upon which the corresponding physical DLshared channel (PDSCH) is mapped. The number of bits carried by eachresource element depends on the modulation scheme. Thus, the moreresource blocks that a UE receives and the higher the modulation scheme,the higher the data rate for the UE.

In LTE, an eNB may send a primary synchronization signal (PSS) and asecondary synchronization signal (SSS) for each cell in the eNB. Theprimary and secondary synchronization signals may be sent in symbolperiods 6 and 5, respectively, in each of subframes 0 and 5 of eachradio frame with the normal cyclic prefix (CP). The synchronizationsignals may be used by UEs for cell detection and acquisition. The eNBmay send a Physical Broadcast Channel (PBCH) in symbol periods 0 to 3 inslot 1 of subframe 0. The PBCH may carry certain system information.

The eNB may send a Physical Control Format Indicator Channel (PCFICH) inthe first symbol period of each subframe. The PCFICH may convey thenumber of symbol periods (M) used for control channels, where M may beequal to 1, 2 or 3 and may change from subframe to subframe. M may alsobe equal to 4 for a small system bandwidth, e.g., with less than 10resource blocks. The eNB may send a Physical Hybrid Automatic RepeatRequest (HARQ) Indicator Channel (PHICH) and a Physical Downlink ControlChannel (PDCCH) in the first M symbol periods of each subframe. ThePHICH may carry information to support hybrid automatic repeat request(HARQ). The PDCCH may carry information on resource allocation for UEsand control information for downlink channels. The eNB may send aPhysical Downlink Shared Channel (PDSCH) in the remaining symbol periodsof each subframe. The PDSCH may carry data for UEs scheduled for datatransmission on the downlink.

The eNB may send the PSS, SSS, and PBCH in the center 1.08 MHz of thesystem bandwidth used by the eNB. The eNB may send the PCFICH and PHICHacross the entire system bandwidth in each symbol period in which thesechannels are sent. The eNB may send the PDCCH to groups of UEs incertain portions of the system bandwidth. The eNB may send the PDSCH tospecific UEs in specific portions of the system bandwidth. The eNB maysend the PSS, SSS, PBCH, PCFICH, and PHICH in a broadcast manner to allUEs, may send the PDCCH in a unicast manner to specific UEs, and mayalso send the PDSCH in a unicast manner to specific UEs.

A number of resource elements may be available in each symbol period.Each resource element (RE) may cover one subcarrier in one symbol periodand may be used to send one modulation symbol, which may be a real orcomplex value. Resource elements not used for a reference signal in eachsymbol period may be arranged into resource element groups (REGs). EachREG may include four resource elements in one symbol period. The PCFICHmay occupy four REGs, which may be spaced approximately equally acrossfrequency, in symbol period 0. The PHICH may occupy three REGs, whichmay be spread across frequency, in one or more configurable symbolperiods. For example, the three REGs for the PHICH may all belong insymbol period 0 or may be spread in symbol periods 0, 1, and 2. ThePDCCH may occupy 9, 18, 36, or 72 REGs, which may be selected from theavailable REGs, in the first M symbol periods, for example. Only certaincombinations of REGs may be allowed for the PDCCH.

A UE may know the specific REGs used for the PHICH and the PCFICH. TheUE may search different combinations of REGs for the PDCCH. The numberof combinations to search is typically less than the number of allowedcombinations for the PDCCH. An eNB may send the PDCCH to the UE in anyof the combinations that the UE will search.

As indicated above, FIG. 3 is provided as an example. Other examples arepossible and may differ from what was described above in connection withFIG. 3.

FIG. 4 is a diagram illustrating an example 400 of an uplink (UL) framestructure in LTE, in accordance with various aspects of the presentdisclosure. The available resource blocks for the UL may be partitionedinto a data section and a control section. The control section may beformed at the two edges of the system bandwidth and may have aconfigurable size. The resource blocks in the control section may beassigned to UEs for transmission of control information. The datasection may include all resource blocks not included in the controlsection. The UL frame structure results in the data section includingcontiguous subcarriers, which may allow a single UE to be assigned allof the contiguous subcarriers in the data section.

A UE may be assigned resource blocks 410 a, 410 b in the control sectionto transmit control information to an eNB. The UE may also be assignedresource blocks 420 a, 420 b in the data section to transmit data to theeNB. The UE may transmit control information in a physical UL controlchannel (PUCCH) on the assigned resource blocks in the control section.The UE may transmit only data or both data and control information in aphysical UL shared channel (PUSCH) on the assigned resource blocks inthe data section. A UL transmission may span both slots of a subframeand may hop across frequencies.

A set of resource blocks may be used to perform initial system accessand achieve UL synchronization in a physical random access channel(PRACH) 430. The PRACH 430 carries a random sequence and cannot carryany UL data/signaling. Each random access preamble occupies a bandwidthcorresponding to six consecutive resource blocks. The starting frequencyis specified by the network. That is, the transmission of the randomaccess preamble is restricted to certain time and frequency resources.There is no frequency hopping for the PRACH. The PRACH attempt iscarried in a single subframe (e.g., of 1 ms) or in a sequence of fewcontiguous subframes and a UE can make only a single PRACH attempt perframe (e.g., of 10 ms).

As indicated above, FIG. 4 is provided as an example. Other examples arepossible and may differ from what was described above in connection withFIG. 4.

FIG. 5 is a diagram illustrating an example 500 of a radio protocolarchitecture for a user plane and a control plane in LTE, in accordancewith various aspects of the present disclosure. The radio protocolarchitecture for the UE and the eNB is shown with three layers: Layer 1,Layer 2, and Layer 3. Layer 1 (L1 layer) is the lowest layer andimplements various physical layer signal processing functions. The L1layer will be referred to herein as the physical layer 510. Layer 2 (L2layer) 520 is above the physical layer 510 and is responsible for thelink between the UE and eNB over the physical layer 510.

In the user plane, the L2 layer 520 includes, for example, a mediaaccess control (MAC) sublayer 530, a radio link control (RLC) sublayer540, and a packet data convergence protocol (PDCP) sublayer 550, whichare terminated at the eNB on the network side. Although not shown, theUE may have several upper layers above the L2 layer 520 including anetwork layer (e.g., Internet Protocol (IP) layer) that is terminated ata packet data network (PDN) gateway on the network side, and anapplication layer that is terminated at the other end of the connection(e.g., a far end UE, a server, and/or the like).

The PDCP sublayer 550 provides retransmission of lost data in handover.The PDCP sublayer 550 also provides header compression for upper layerdata packets to reduce radio transmission overhead, security byciphering the data packets, and handover support for UEs between eNBs.The RLC sublayer 540 provides segmentation and reassembly of upper layerdata packets, retransmission of lost data packets, and reordering ofdata packets to compensate for out-of-order reception due to hybridautomatic repeat request (HARQ). The MAC sublayer 530 providesmultiplexing between logical and transport channels. The MAC sublayer530 is also responsible for allocating the various radio resources(e.g., resource blocks) in one cell among the UEs. The MAC sublayer 530is also responsible for HARQ operations.

In the control plane, the radio protocol architecture for the UE and eNBis substantially the same for the physical layer 510 and the L2 layer520 with the exception that there is no header compression function forthe control plane. The control plane also includes a radio resourcecontrol (RRC) sublayer 560 in Layer 3 (L3 layer). The RRC sublayer 560is responsible for obtaining radio resources (i.e., radio bearers) andfor configuring the lower layers using RRC signaling between the eNB andthe UE.

As indicated above, FIG. 5 is provided as an example. Other examples arepossible and may differ from what was described above in connection withFIG. 5.

FIG. 6 is a diagram illustrating example components 600 of a basestation such as an eNB 110, 210, 230 and a UE 145, 250 in an accessnetwork, in accordance with various aspects of the present disclosure.As shown in FIG. 6, eNB 110, 210, 230 may include a controller/processor605, a transmit (TX) processor 610, a channel estimator 615, an antenna620, a transmitter 625TX, a receiver 625RX, a receive (RX) processor630, and a memory 635. As further shown in FIG. 6, UE 145, 250 mayinclude a receiver RX, for example, of a transceiver TX/RX 640, atransmitter TX, for example, of a transceiver TX/RX 640, an antenna 645,an RX processor 650, a channel estimator 655, a controller/processor660, a memory 665, a data sink 670, a data source 675, and a TXprocessor 680.

In the DL, upper layer packets from the core network are provided tocontroller/processor 605. The controller/processor 605 implements thefunctionality of the L2 layer. In the DL, the controller/processor 605provides header compression, ciphering, packet segmentation andreordering, multiplexing between logical and transport channels, andradio resource allocations to the UE 145, 250 based, at least in part,on various priority metrics. The controller/processor 605 is alsoresponsible for HARQ operations, retransmission of lost packets, andsignaling to the UE 145, 250.

The TX processor 610 implements various signal processing functions forthe L1 layer (e.g., physical layer). The signal processing functionsincludes coding and interleaving to facilitate forward error correction(FEC) at the UE 145, 250 and mapping to signal constellations based, atleast in part, on various modulation schemes (e.g., binary phase-shiftkeying (BPSK), quadrature phase-shift keying (QPSK), M-phase-shiftkeying (M-PSK), M-quadrature amplitude modulation (M-QAM)). The codedand modulated symbols are then split into parallel streams. Each streamis then mapped to an OFDM subcarrier, multiplexed with a referencesignal (e.g., pilot) in the time and/or frequency domain, and thencombined together using an Inverse Fast Fourier Transform (IFFT) toproduce a physical channel carrying a time domain OFDM symbol stream.The OFDM stream is spatially precoded to produce multiple spatialstreams. Channel estimates from a channel estimator 615 may be used todetermine the coding and modulation scheme, as well as for spatialprocessing. The channel estimate may be derived from a reference signaland/or channel condition feedback transmitted by the UE 145, 250. Eachspatial stream is then provided to a different antenna 620 via aseparate transmitter TX, for example, of transceiver TX/RX 625. Eachsuch transmitter TX modulates a radio frequency (RF) carrier with arespective spatial stream for transmission.

At the UE 145, 250, each receiver RX, for example, of a transceiverTX/RX 640 receives a signal through its respective antenna 645. Eachsuch receiver RX recovers information modulated onto an RF carrier andprovides the information to the receiver (RX) processor 650. The RXprocessor 650 implements various signal processing functions of the L1layer. The RX processor 650 performs spatial processing on theinformation to recover any spatial streams destined for the UE 145, 250.If multiple spatial streams are destined for the UE 145, 250, thespatial streams may be combined by the RX processor 650 into a singleOFDM symbol stream. The RX processor 650 then converts the OFDM symbolstream from the time-domain to the frequency domain using a Fast FourierTransform (FFT). The frequency domain signal comprises a separate OFDMsymbol stream for each subcarrier of the OFDM signal. The symbols oneach subcarrier, and the reference signal, are recovered and demodulatedby determining the most likely signal constellation points transmittedby the eNB 110, 210, 230. These soft decisions may be based, at least inpart, on channel estimates computed by the channel estimator 655. Thesoft decisions are then decoded and deinterleaved to recover the dataand control signals that were originally transmitted by the eNB 110,210, 230 on the physical channel. The data and control signals are thenprovided to the controller/processor 660.

The controller/processor 660 implements the L2 layer. Thecontroller/processor 660 can be associated with a memory 665 that storesprogram codes and data. The memory 665 may include a non-transitorycomputer-readable medium. In the UL, the controller/processor 660provides demultiplexing between transport and logical channels, packetreassembly, deciphering, header decompression, control signal processingto recover upper layer packets from the core network. The upper layerpackets are then provided to a data sink 670, which represents all theprotocol layers above the L2 layer. Various control signals may also beprovided to the data sink 670 for L3 processing. Thecontroller/processor 660 is also responsible for error detection usingan acknowledgement (ACK) and/or negative acknowledgement (NACK) protocolto support HARQ operations.

In the UL, a data source 675 is used to provide upper layer packets tothe controller/processor 660. The data source 675 represents allprotocol layers above the L2 layer. Similar to the functionalitydescribed in connection with the DL transmission by the eNB 110, 210,230, the controller/processor 660 implements the L2 layer for the userplane and the control plane by providing header compression, ciphering,packet segmentation and reordering, and multiplexing between logical andtransport channels based, at least in part, on radio resourceallocations by the eNB 110, 210, 230. The controller/processor 660 isalso responsible for HARQ operations, retransmission of lost packets,and signaling to the eNB 110, 210, 230.

Channel estimates derived by a channel estimator 655 from a referencesignal or feedback transmitted by the eNB 110, 210, 230 may be used bythe TX processor 680 to select the appropriate coding and modulationschemes, and to facilitate spatial processing. The spatial streamsgenerated by the TX processor 680 are provided to different antennas 645via separate transmitters TX, for example, of transceivers TX/RX 640.Each transmitter TX, for example, of transceiver TX/RX 640 modulates anRF carrier with a respective spatial stream for transmission.

The UL transmission is processed at the eNB 110, 210, 230 in a mannersimilar to that described in connection with the receiver function atthe UE 145, 250. Each receiver RX, for example, of transceiver TX/RX 625receives a signal through its respective antenna 620. Each receiver RX,for example, of transceiver TX/RX 625 recovers information modulatedonto an RF carrier and provides the information to a RX processor 630.The RX processor 630 may implement the L1 layer.

The controller/processor 605 implements the L2 layer. Thecontroller/processor 605 can be associated with a memory 635 that storesprogram code and data. The memory 635 may be referred to as acomputer-readable medium. In the UL, the controller/processor 605provides demultiplexing between transport and logical channels, packetreassembly, deciphering, header decompression, control signal processingto recover upper layer packets from the UE 145, 250. Upper layer packetsfrom the controller/processor 605 may be provided to the core network.The controller/processor 605 is also responsible for error detectionusing an ACK and/or NACK protocol to support HARQ operations.

In some aspects, one or more components of UE 145, 250 may be includedin a housing, as shown in FIG. 1. In some aspects, one or more of thecomponents shown in FIG. 6 may be employed to perform example process1000 and/or other processes for the techniques described herein. One ormore components of eNB 110, 210, 230 may be configured to perform oddexponent QAM, as described in more detail elsewhere herein. For example,the controller/processor 605 and/or other processors and modules of eNB110, 210, 230 may perform or direct operations of, for example, process1000 of FIG. 10 and/or other processes as described herein.Additionally, or alternatively, one or more components of UE 145, 250may be configured to perform odd exponent QAM, as described in moredetail elsewhere herein. For example, the controller/processor 660and/or other processors and modules of UE 145, 250 may perform or directoperations of, for example, process 1000 of FIG. 10 and/or otherprocesses as described herein.

The number and arrangement of components shown in FIG. 6 are provided asan example. In practice, there may be additional components, fewercomponents, different components, or differently arranged componentsthan those shown in FIG. 6. Furthermore, two or more components shown inFIG. 6 may be implemented within a single component, or a singlecomponent shown in FIG. 6 may be implemented as multiple, distributedcomponents. Additionally, or alternatively, a set of components (e.g.,one or more components) shown in FIG. 6 may perform one or morefunctions described as being performed by another set of componentsshown in FIG. 6.

A wireless communication device (e.g., a UE 145, 250, an eNB 110, 210,230, and/or the like) may communicate using a radio signal that carriesinformation. The information is modulated onto a carrier signal tocreate the radio signal. A receiver of the radio signal may know whichmodulation approach is used to create the radio signal, and maydemodulate the radio signal based at least in part on the modulationapproach to identify the information.

In cellular networks, such as LTE, radio signals may be modulatedaccording to a quadrature amplitude modulation (QAM) approach. QAMconveys two signals by modulating the amplitudes and phases of twocarrier waves that are out of phase with each other by 90 degrees. Themodulation may be used for a set of bits that are to be transmitted to areceiver.

QAM may be performed using a particular exponent that identifies howmany possible values can be modulated onto a signal. The particularexponent may be 2 for 4 possible values (for 4-QAM or QPSK), 4 for 16possible values (for 16-QAM), 6 for 64 possible values (for 64-QAM), andso on. In other words, the quantity of possible values for an exponent xis equal to 2̂x. Odd exponents can also be used for QAM, but havetraditionally been associated with certain difficulties, as explainedbelow. Higher QAM approaches convey more information on a signal in agiven amount of time, but require better signal to noise ratio (SNR)than lower QAM approaches. Thus, as a receiver moves further from asource, the source may use increasingly lower QAM approaches so that thereceiver can continue to successfully demodulate the signal at the costof a lower data throughput. For example, each QAM may be associated witha respective radius from the source, where each QAM is a feasiblemodulation approach, as described in connection with FIG. 9, below.

A QAM approach (e.g., 4-QAM, 8-QAM, 16-QAM, 32-QAM, 64-QAM, and so on)may be represented by a constellation of possible values that can beencoded using the QAM approach. A horizontal axis of a visualrepresentation of such a constellation (e.g., as described in connectionwith reference number 730 of FIG. 7B, below) may correspond to anamplitude of an in-phase wave (I), and a vertical axis may correspond toan amplitude of a quadrature wave (Q). A receiver may receive a signalwith a particular I amplitude or phase and a particular Q amplitude orphase. To decode the signal, the receiver may map I and Q to theconstellation, and may identify a closest dot. Of course, this is anabstraction of the actual process used to determine the maximumlikelihood symbol or bit sequence, but the abstraction is useful forexplanatory purposes. The identified dot corresponds to a particularsymbol or bit sequence. The received signal is unlikely to exactly mapto a constellation dot, so a closest dot may be used. Thus, a modulatedsignal is demodulated using the maximum likelihood approach. Ademodulation error occurs when the received signal maps to the wrong dotdue to noise, interference, phase shift, and/or the like. As a result,dots that are farther apart will yield more accurate demodulation.

Constellations may have various shapes. For example, the constellationidentified above is rectangular (or square), which is convenient from ahardware perspective for demodulation by the receiver. However, theconstellation identified above, with the arrangement of dots describedabove, only works for even-exponent QAM approaches. This means that thegap between respective radii from the source (shown in FIG. 9), fordifferent QAM approaches, must be wide enough to switch from oneeven-exponent QAM approach to the next even-exponent QAM approach (e.g.,from 4-QAM to 16-QAM, bypassing 8-QAM), which reduces performance thatcould be improved by use of 8-QAM. Odd-exponent QAM approaches can berepresented using circular constellations, but these are difficult toimplement in hardware.

Techniques and apparatuses, described herein, enable symmetricodd-exponent QAM using a square constellation of dots that are spacedmore widely than in a square constellation for even-exponent QAM. Theodd-exponent QAM constellation may be created from a next-highereven-exponent QAM constellation, as described in connection with FIG.7A, below. As described in more detail in connection with FIG. 7B, dotsfor the odd-exponent QAM constellations are spaced more widely than dotsfor the corresponding even-exponent QAM constellations. Thus,demodulation accuracy is improved. Further, by using both odd-exponentQAM and even-exponent QAM, rate adaptation (e.g., QAM approachselection) at different distances may be improved, which improves systemthroughput and demodulation accuracy, as described in more detail inconnection with FIG. 9, below.

FIGS. 7A and 7B are diagrams illustrating examples 700 of generating anodd-exponent modulation constellation, in accordance with variousaspects of the present disclosure. The operations described with regardto FIG. 7A may be performed by a wireless communication device, such asa UE 145, 250, an eNB 110, 210, 230, and/or any other device capable ofperforming odd exponent QAM. For example, the wireless communicationdevice may be a transmitter device encoding a bit stream using OE-QAM.

As shown in FIG. 7A, and by reference number 705, the wirelesscommunication device may receive information bits. For example, theinformation bits may include or be included in a bit stream to bemodulated using OE-QAM.

As shown by reference number 710, the wireless communication device maygroup the bits into groups of 2n−1 bits. For example, the groups of 2n−1bits may include an odd number of bits, such as 3 bits, 5 bits, 7 bits,and so on. The wireless communication device may group the bits intogroups of 2n−1 bits so that a parity bit can be added to each group as a2nth bit, thus enabling OE-QAM, as described in more detail below.

As shown by reference number 715, the wireless communication device mayadd a parity bit as a 2nth bit. A parity bit is a bit that acts as acheck on a set of binary values, calculated in such a way that thenumber of 1s in the set, including the parity bit, should be equal to aparticular value (e.g., should always be odd, or should always be even).The parity bit is used so that, when the groups and corresponding paritybits are mapped to a constellation associated with an exponent of 2n, acorresponding odd-exponent constellation with an exponent of 2n−1 isgenerated, as described in more detail below. The parity bit can includeat least one of an odd parity bit or an even parity bit.

In some aspects, the parity bit may be any bit of the group of bits. Forexample, where a group of bits includes 2n bits, the parity bit may beany bit from the first bit to the 2nth bit. Additionally, oralternatively, a group of bits may include multiple, different paritybits. For example, a group of bits may include an odd number of paritybits (e.g., 3 parity bits, 5 parity bits, and/or the like) or an evennumber of parity bits (e.g., 2 parity bits, 4 parity bits, and/or thelike).

As shown by reference number 720, the wireless communication device maymap the groups of bits to a modulation constellation associated with a2̂2n modulation order. In other words, the wireless communication devicemay map the groups of bits to an even-exponent modulation constellation.As shown by reference number 725, by mapping the groups of bits and thecorresponding parity bit(s) to the even-exponent modulationconstellation, the wireless communication device may generate mappedconstellation samples associated with an odd-exponent modulationconstellation. For example, the mapping of the groups of bits with thecorresponding parity bits may cause a subset of constellation points tobe skipped in the modulation process. As a more particular example, forthe case with a single parity bit per group of bits, every otherconstellation point may be skipped, as described in more detail inconnection with FIG. 7B, below. Thus, an odd-exponent modulationconstellation is generated by mapping groups of bits and correspondingparity bit(s) to an even-exponent modulation constellation. Thisodd-exponent modulation constellation can be used in the gaps (in spaceand/or wireless communication performance) between even-exponentmodulation orders, as described in more detail in connection with FIGS.8 and 9, which improves throughput and coverage of the wirelesscommunication device. Furthermore, the technique described with regardto FIG. 7A may be less computationally expensive and more easilyscalable than other techniques for generating odd-exponent modulationconstellations, such as techniques for generating circular modulationconstellations and other techniques.

FIG. 7B shows an example of an even-exponent QAM constellation and anodd-exponent QAM constellation generated using the process described inconnection with FIG. 7A, above. As shown by reference number 730, theeven-exponent QAM constellation may be a 64-QAM constellationcorresponding to an exponent of 2̂6. As shown by reference number 735,the odd-exponent QAM constellation may be a 32-QAM constellationcorresponding to an exponent of 2̂5. The 32-QAM constellation may begenerated by mapping groups of five bits and corresponding parity bitsto the 64-QAM constellation. As can be seen, the usage of the paritybits may cause every other constellation point to be skipped. Thus, the32-QAM constellation is generated without high-complexity hardwareimplementation and costly reshaping of the 64-QAM constellation.

Furthermore, the generation of the 32-QAM constellation may increase theminimum distance between constellation points of the 64-QAMconstellation. For example, assume that a minimum distance between dotsof the 64-QAM constellation (shown by reference number 740) is equal tox. In such a case, and when a single parity bit is included in eachgroup of bits, the minimum distance between dots of the 32-QAMconstellation (shown by reference number 745) may be equal to x timesthe square root of 2. Thus, demodulation of signals mapped to the 32-QAMconstellation may be less error-prone than signals mapped to the 64-QAMconstellation. In some aspects, when an odd number of parity bitsgreater than one are used (e.g., 3 parity bits, 5 parity bits, and/orthe like), a minimum distance between the constellation points of theodd-exponent modulation constellation may be greater (e.g., x times thesquare root of 8). Therefore, the odd-exponent modulation constellationmay be relatively easier to demodulate than the even-exponent modulationconstellation at a particular SNR, thereby improving wirelesscommunication performance.

In some aspects, the odd-exponent modulation constellation may retain asymmetrical property of the even-exponent modulation constellation,which may be Gray-mapped. In particular, when Gray mapping is employedto generate the even-exponent constellation and any of the 2n bits isthe parity bit, then the resulting odd-exponent constellation mayinherit the following property: every other point may be skipped andsubsequently, a minimum distance between any two points in theodd-exponent constellation may be equal to the square root of two timesthe minimum distance between any two points in the even-exponentconstellation. For example, in this case, the odd-exponent modulationconstellation retains symmetry on the 45-degree and 135-degree axesrelative to a horizontal axis of the constellation. This may simplifydesign of the modulator or demodulator and improve power utilizationrelative to an asymmetrical constellation.

In some aspects, an average transmit power of the odd-exponentmodulation constellation may be similar to, or the same as, thenext-higher even-exponent modulation constellation. Thus, poweramplifier specification may not need to be changed for the techniquedescribed with regard to FIG. 7A. Additionally, or alternatively,transmit error vector magnitude (Tx-EVM) requirements, associated withthe technique described herein, can possibly be relaxed (e.g., byapproximately 3 decibels). This may lead to less stringent requirementson analog front-ends and RF front-ends of transmitting and/or receivingdevices, thereby increasing the maximum modulation order supported bythose devices. Additionally, or alternatively, the technique describedherein can be demodulated with low complexity hardware in comparison toa more complex constellation or hardware that is configured to ignoreparticular constellation points.

As indicated above, FIGS. 7A and 7B are provided as examples. Otherexamples are possible and may differ from what was described withrespect to FIGS. 7A and 7B.

FIG. 8 is a diagram illustrating an example 800 of bit error rate (BER)and signal to noise ratio (SNR) performance for even-exponent QAM andodd-exponent QAM, in accordance with various aspects of the presentdisclosure.

As can be seen in FIG. 8, generally speaking, as SNR improves, a BER ofthe modulation schemes decreases. Even-exponent QAM BER performance isplotted using the lines identified by reference numbers 805-1 through805-5. For example, reference number 805-1 shows a QPSK scheme,reference number 805-2 shows a 16-QAM scheme, reference number 805-3shows a 64-QAM scheme, reference number 805-4 shows a 256-QAM scheme,and reference number 805-5 shows a 1024-QAM scheme.

As can also be seen, there is a gap between each even-order QAM line.For example, when the SNR is equal to 20 decibels, the wirelesscommunication device may be forced to use 64-QAM at a relatively poorperformance level (e.g., approximately 10̂-2 BER), since 16-QAM would notprovide sufficient throughput to be used on a large scale, despite alower error rate.

The odd-exponent QAM schemes, shown by reference numbers 810-1 through810-4, are situated in between the corresponding even-exponent QAMschemes, which helps to bridge the gap between each even-exponent QAMscheme. For example, reference number 810-1 shows an 8-QAM scheme(generated using the modulation constellation associated with the 16-QAMscheme), reference number 810-2 shows a 32-QAM scheme (generated usingthe modulation constellation associated with the 64-QAM scheme),reference number 810-3 shows an 128-QAM scheme (generated using themodulation constellation associated with the 256-QAM scheme), referencenumber 810-4 shows an 512-QAM scheme (generated using the modulationconstellation associated with the 1024-QAM scheme).

As an example, at the above-mentioned SNR of 20 decibels, the wirelesscommunication device may fall back to the 32-QAM scheme, which providesan improved BER of approximately 10̂-3. Thus, the technique described inconnection with FIG. 7A provides an improvement for modulationperformance at particular SNRs, and thus improves uniformity of wirelesscommunication performance of the wireless communication device.

As indicated above, FIG. 8 is provided as an example. Other examples arepossible and may differ from what was described with respect to FIG. 8.

FIG. 9 is a diagram illustrating an example 900 of coverage ranges ofeven-exponent QAM and OE-QAM, in accordance with various aspects of thepresent disclosure. FIG. 9 is described with reference to an eNB 110,210, 230 that encodes a communication using one of the aforementionedQAM approaches, and a UE 145, 250 that moves closer to or farther awayfrom the eNB 110, 210, 230.

As the UE 145, 250 moves farther from the eNB 110, 210, 230, SNR ofwireless communications between the UE 145, 250 and the eNB 110, 210,230 may degrade due to path loss and Doppler effects, so the eNB 110,210, 230 may fall back to increasingly more robust modulation schemes.For example, coverage areas of various even-order modulation schemes arebounded by solid lines, shown as circles for ease of exposition. Whenthe odd-exponent QAM techniques described herein are not used, there maybe a relatively large gap between the radius associated with a highereven-order QAM scheme and a lower even-order QAM scheme. Thus, a UE 145,250 in between two of the circles shown in FIG. 9 may experiencedegraded performance as the UE 145, 250 moves radially outward andbefore the UE 145, 250 reaches a next circle. Furthermore, the UE 145,250 may be forced to use a significantly low data rate, more robusteven-exponent QAM scheme for a relatively large range of radii (e.g.,between two of the solid circles).

Example coverage areas using odd-exponent QAM schemes, as can begenerated using the technique described in connection with FIG. 7A, areshown by the dashed lines between the solid lines. Thus, a UE 145, 250situated in between two of the solid circles may fall back to anodd-exponent QAM scheme, which has higher data rate than the next-lowereven-exponent QAM scheme and, therefore, may provide improvedperformance. In this way, capacity of the eNB 110, 210, 230 may beimproved by more granular selection of QAM schemes from odd-exponent QAMschemes and even-exponent QAM schemes.

As possible examples of capacity improvement using the techniques andapparatuses described herein, when the wireless communication devicefalls back from 16-QAM to 8-QAM, instead of to QPSK, spectral efficiencymay be improved by approximately 50 percent relative to falling back toQPSK. When the wireless communication device falls back from 64-QAM to32-QAM, instead of to 16-QAM, spectral efficiency may be improved byapproximately 25 percent relative to falling back to 16-QAM. When thewireless communication device falls back from 256-QAM to 128-QAM,instead of to 64-QAM, spectral efficiency may be improved byapproximately 16.67 percent relative to falling back to 64-QAM. When thewireless communication device falls back from 1024-QAM to 512-QAM,instead of to 256-QAM, spectral efficiency may be improved byapproximately 12.5 percent relative to falling back to 256-QAM.

As indicated above, FIG. 9 is provided as an example. Other examples arepossible and may differ from what was described with respect to FIG. 9.

FIG. 10 is a diagram illustrating an example process 1000 performed, forexample, by a wireless communication device, in accordance with variousaspects of the present disclosure. Example process 1000 is an examplewhere a wireless communication device (e.g., the eNB 110, 210, 230, theUE 145, 250, or another device capable of encoding signals using OE-QAM)performs OE-QAM.

As shown in FIG. 10, in some aspects, process 1000 may includeidentifying groups of bits of a particular size (block 1010). Forexample, the wireless communication device may identify groups of bitsof a particular size. In some aspects, the groups of bits may include2n−1 bits. For example, the wireless communication device may identifythe groups of bits for generation of an odd-exponent modulationconstellation with an order of 2̂2n−1, by mapping the groups of bits withcorresponding parity bit(s) to an even-exponent modulation constellationwith an order of 2̂2n.

As shown in FIG. 10, in some aspects, process 1000 may include mappingthe groups of bits, with corresponding parity bits, to an even-exponentmodulation constellation to generate an odd-exponent modulationconstellation (block 1020). For example, at least one correspondingparity bit may be added to each group of bits. Each group of bits, inassociation with the corresponding parity bits, may be mapped to aneven-exponent modulation constellation. The inclusion of thecorresponding parity bits in the groups of bits may lead to thegeneration of an odd-exponent modulation constellation of a next-lowerorder from the even-exponent modulation constellation, and theodd-exponent modulation constellation may have a larger minimum distancebetween constellation points than the even-exponent modulationconstellation. Therefore, the odd-exponent modulation constellation maybe relatively easier to demodulate than the even-exponent modulationconstellation at a particular SNR, thereby improving wirelesscommunication performance.

As shown in FIG. 10, in some aspects, process 1000 may includetransmitting a signal based at least in part on the odd-exponentmodulation constellation (block 1030). For example, the wirelesscommunication device may transmit a signal based at least in part on theodd-exponent modulation constellation. The signal may include symbolscorresponding to the groups of bits that were mapped in connection withblock 1020, above. A receiving device may attempt to demodulate thesignal. In some aspects, the receiving device may receive the signal,and may rotate the signal 45 degrees. This may make the signal easier todemodulate, since the constellation points, which were previouslysymmetrical on the 45 and 135 degree axes of the I-Q plot, are made tobe symmetrical on the 0 and 90 degree axes of the I-Q plot. Thus,demodulation performance may be improved.

In some aspects, the particular size is 2n−1 bits and the correspondingparity bits are associated with the groups of bits as a 2nth bit. Insome aspects, the odd-exponent modulation constellation has a 2n−1thorder. In some aspects, a subset of constellation points of theeven-exponent modulation constellation is skipped in the odd-exponentmodulation constellation based at least in part on the correspondingparity bits.

In some aspects, every other constellation point of the even-exponentmodulation constellation is skipped in the odd-exponent modulationconstellation based at least in part on the corresponding parity bits.In some aspects, the odd-exponent modulation constellation is associatedwith a larger minimum distance between constellation points than theeven-exponent modulation constellation based at least in part on thegroups of bits being mapped with the corresponding parity bits. In someaspects, the corresponding parity bits include one parity bit per groupof bits of the groups of bits, a minimum distance between constellationpoints of the even-exponent modulation constellation is equal to x, anda minimum distance between constellation points of the odd-exponentmodulation constellation is equal to x multiplied by a square root of 2.

In some aspects, the odd-exponent modulation constellation retains asymmetric property of the even-exponent modulation constellation. Insome aspects, the symmetric property corresponds to an axis of symmetryat a 45 degree angle or a 135 degree angle with regard to an in-phaseaxis of the odd-exponent modulation constellation. In some aspects, theodd-exponent modulation constellation has a constellationpower-normalization factor equal to a constellation power-normalizationfactor of the even-exponent modulation constellation.

Although FIG. 10 shows example blocks of process 1000, in some aspects,process 1000 may include additional blocks, fewer blocks, differentblocks, or differently arranged blocks than those depicted in FIG. 10.Additionally, or alternatively, two or more of the blocks of process1000 may be performed in parallel.

FIG. 11 is a conceptual data flow diagram 1100 illustrating the dataflow between different modules/means/components in an example apparatus1102. The apparatus 1102 may be a wireless communication device (e.g.,the eNB 110, 210, 230, the UE 145, 250, and/or the like). In someaspects, the apparatus 1102 includes a reception module 1104, anidentification module 1106, a mapping module 1108, and/or a transmissionmodule 1110.

The reception module 1104 may receive signals 1112. In some aspects, thereception module 1104 may receive the signals 1112 from another device(e.g., a device 1150). In some aspects, the signals 1112 may include abit stream and/or one or more groups of bits to be modulated. In someaspects, the signals 1112 may be received from the apparatus 1102 (e.g.,from a different protocol stack layer of the apparatus 1102, etc.). Thereception module may provide the signals 1112 to the identificationmodule 1106 as data 1114. In some aspects, the data 1114 may includegroups of bits.

The identification module 1106 may identify groups of bits of aparticular size from the data 1114. The identification module 1106 mayprovide the groups of bits of the particular size to the mapping module1108 as data 1116. In some aspects, the identification module 1106and/or the mapping module 1108 may be part of a modulation or signalingmodule of the apparatus 1102, such as a component or module of acommunication chain and/or the like.

The mapping module 1108 may map the groups of bits, with correspondingparity bits, to an even-exponent modulation constellation to generate anodd-exponent modulation constellation. The mapping module 1108 mayprovide the odd-exponent modulation constellation and/or a signalgenerated based at least in part on mapping the groups of bits to thetransmission module 1110 as data 1118. The transmission module 1110 maytransmit a signal 1120 based at least in part on the odd-exponentmodulation constellation.

The apparatus may include additional modules that perform each of theblocks of the algorithm in the aforementioned flow chart of FIG. 10. Assuch, each block in the aforementioned flow chart of FIG. 10 may beperformed by a module and the apparatus may include one or more of thosemodules. The modules may be one or more hardware components specificallyconfigured to carry out the stated processes/algorithm, implemented by aprocessor configured to perform the stated processes/algorithm, storedwithin a computer-readable medium for implementation by a processor, orsome combination thereof.

The number and arrangement of modules shown in FIG. 11 are provided asan example. In practice, there may be additional modules, fewer modules,different modules, or differently arranged modules than those shown inFIG. 11. Furthermore, two or more modules shown in FIG. 11 may beimplemented within a single module, or a single module shown in FIG. 11may be implemented as multiple, distributed modules. Additionally, oralternatively, a set of modules (e.g., one or more modules) shown inFIG. 11 may perform one or more functions described as being performedby another set of modules shown in FIG. 11.

FIG. 12 is a diagram 1200 illustrating an example of a hardwareimplementation for an apparatus 1102′ employing a processing system1202. The apparatus 1102′ may be a wireless communication device (e.g.,the eNB 110, 210, 230, the UE 145, 250, and/or the like).

The processing system 1202 may be implemented with a bus architecture,represented generally by the bus 1204. The bus 1204 may include anynumber of interconnecting buses and bridges depending on the specificapplication of the processing system 1202 and the overall designconstraints. The bus 1204 links together various circuits including oneor more processors and/or hardware modules, represented by the processor1206, the modules 1104, 1106, 1108, 1110, and the computer-readablemedium/memory 1208. The bus 1204 may also link various other circuitssuch as timing sources, peripherals, voltage regulators, and powermanagement circuits, which are well known in the art, and therefore,will not be described any further.

The processing system 1202 may be coupled to a transceiver 1210. Thetransceiver 1210 is coupled to one or more antennas 1212. Thetransceiver 1210 provides a means for communicating with various otherapparatus over a transmission medium. The transceiver 1210 receives asignal from the one or more antennas 1212, extracts information from thereceived signal, and provides the extracted information to theprocessing system 1202, specifically the reception module 1104. Inaddition, the transceiver 1210 receives information from the processingsystem 1202, specifically the transmission module 1110, and based atleast in part on the received information, generates a signal to beapplied to the one or more antennas 1212. The processing system 1202includes a processor 1206 coupled to a computer-readable medium/memory1208. The processor 1206 is responsible for general processing,including the execution of software stored on the computer-readablemedium/memory 1208. The software, when executed by the processor 1206,causes the processing system 1202 to perform the various functionsdescribed supra for any particular apparatus. The computer-readablemedium/memory 1208 may also be used for storing data that is manipulatedby the processor 1206 when executing software. The processing systemfurther includes at least one of the modules 1104, 1106, 1108, and 1110.The modules may be software modules running in the processor 1206,resident/stored in the computer readable medium/memory 1208, one or morehardware modules coupled to the processor 1206, or some combinationthereof. In some aspects, the processing system 1202 may be a componentof the eNB 110, 210, 230 and may include the memory 635 and/or at leastone of the TX processor 610, the RX processor 630, and/or thecontroller/processor 605. Additionally, or alternatively, the processingsystem 1202 may be a component of the UE 145, 250 and may include thememory 665 and/or at least one of the TX processor 680, the RX processor650, and/or the controller/processor 660.

In some aspects, the apparatus 1102/1102′ for wireless communicationincludes means for identifying groups of bits of a particular size;means for mapping the groups of bits, with corresponding parity bits, toan even-exponent modulation constellation to generate an odd-exponentmodulation constellation; and means for transmitting a signal based atleast in part on the odd-exponent modulation constellation. Theaforementioned means may be one or more of the aforementioned modules ofthe apparatus 1102 and/or the processing system 1202 of the apparatus1102′ configured to perform the functions recited by the aforementionedmeans. As described supra, the processing system 1202 may include the TXprocessor 610, the RX processor 630, the controller/processor 605, theTX processor 680, the RX processor 650, and/or the controller/processor660. As such, in one configuration, the aforementioned means may be theTX processor 610, the RX processor 630, the controller/processor 605,the TX processor 680, the RX processor 650, and/or thecontroller/processor 660 configured to perform the functions recited bythe aforementioned means.

FIG. 12 is provided as an example. Other examples are possible and maydiffer from what was described in connection with FIG. 12.

The above-described approach for OE-QAM using skipped constellationpoints (e.g., as shown in FIG. 7B) may lead to an increased averageHamming distance between constellation points based at least in part ona location of the parity bit in the group of bits. A Hamming distancebetween two strings of equal length (e.g., two groups of bits) is thenumber of positions at which the corresponding symbols are different. Inother words, the Hamming distance measures the minimum number ofsubstitutions required to change one string into the other, or theminimum number of errors that could have transformed one string into theother. An average

The technique of mapping constellation points to a rectangularconstellation may be based at least in part on Gray coding or Graymapping. Gray coding is an ordering of the binary numbering system sothat two successive values differ in only one bit. Thus, adjacentcodewords in the constellation for a rectangular even-exponentmodulation constellation may differ from each other by only one bit(corresponding to a Hamming distance of 1). One motivation of using Graycoding is to reduce the bit error rate (BER) by ensuring a single bitchange in neighboring constellation points. In this way, if the decodedsymbol is incorrectly mapped to a neighboring constellation point, thenonly a single bit of the decoded symbol will be erroneous.

When skipped constellation points are used to generate a rectangularOE-QAM constellation (e.g., based at least in part on determining aparity bit as an XOR of the information bits of the codeword of aneven-exponent modulation constellation), the Hamming distance betweensome points of the OE-QAM constellation will be 2. Thus, the averageHamming distance of the OE-QAM constellation may be greater than 2,which increases an expected BER when using the constellation.Furthermore, the placement of the parity bit within the codeword mayaffect the average Hamming distance of the OE-QAM constellation, asdescribed in more detail in connection with FIGS. 14A-14C, below.

Some techniques and apparatuses described herein determine a parity bitlocation for a group of bits based at least in part on a Hammingdistance of an OE-QAM constellation to which the group of bits are to bemapped. For example, some techniques and apparatuses described hereinmay determine the parity bit location so that an average Hammingdistance of the OE-QAM constellation is minimized, so that the averageHamming distance of the OE-QAM constellation satisfies a threshold,and/or the like. By reducing the average Hamming distance of the OE-QAMconstellation, BER of the OE-QAM constellation may be improved, thusimproving communication efficiency of UEs and/or BSs.

While some techniques and apparatuses, described herein, are concernedwith reducing, optimizing, or minimizing the Hamming distance, otherparameters are also considered. For example, some techniques andapparatuses described herein may determine a parity bit location toreduce, optimize, or minimize a different property than the Hammingdistance, such as a similarity measure, a Levenshtein distance, and/orthe like.

FIG. 13 is a diagram illustrating an example 1300 of generating anodd-exponent modulation constellation with a parity bit in a particularlocation, in accordance with various aspects of the present disclosure.The operations described in connection with example 1300 may beperformed by a wireless communication device, such as a UE 145, 250 oran eNB 110, 210, 230.

As shown in FIG. 13, and by reference number 1305, the wirelesscommunication device may receive information bits. For example, theinformation bits may include or be included in a bit stream to bemodulated using OE-QAM.

As shown by reference number 1310, the wireless communication device maygroup the bits into groups of 2n−1 bits. For example, the groups of 2n−1bits may include an odd number of bits, such as 3 bits, 5 bits, 7 bits,and so on. The wireless communication device may group the bits intogroups of 2n−1 bits so that a parity bit can be added to each group as a2nth bit at a location determined to improve modulation performance ofthe OE-QAM constellation, as described in more detail below. The groupof 2n−1 bits is referred to hereafter as a group of bits forsimplicity's sake.

In some aspects, the wireless communication device may determine an OEmodulation constellation order for the group of bits. For example, thewireless communication device may determine the OE modulationconstellation order based at least in part on a channel condition, aconfiguration by a transmitter or receiver, a configuration of thewireless communication device, a modulation and coding scheme, and/orthe like.

As shown by reference number 1315, the wireless communication device maydetermine a parity bit location for the group of bits. In some aspects,the parity bit location may be selected based at least in part on aHamming distance of the OE-QAM constellation. For example, the paritybit location may be selected to reduce the Hamming distance (e.g., to athreshold, to a minimum value, etc.). In some aspects, the parity bitlocation may be selected based at least in part on a property of theOE-QAM constellation, such as a Hamming distance, a Levenshteindistance, or a different property. In some aspects, the parity bitlocation may be determined based at least in part on a lookup table. Forexample, the lookup table may identify OE modulation constellationorders and parity bit locations corresponding to the OE modulationconstellation orders. In some aspects, the parity bit location may bedetermined based at least in part on a protocol between a transmitterand a receiver. For example, the transmitter and the receiver maycommunicate to configure the parity bit location. For a more detaileddescription of the parity bit locations for OE modulation constellationorders, as well as average Hamming distances corresponding to the paritybit locations, refer to FIGS. 14A-14C, below.

As shown by reference number 1320, the wireless communication device mayadd a parity bit at the parity bit location. For example, the parity bitmay be based at least in part on the group of bits. As shown byreference number 1325, the wireless communication device may map thegroups of bits to a modulation constellation associated with a 2̂2nmodulation order. In other words, the wireless communication device maymap the groups of bits to an even-exponent modulation constellation. Asshown by reference number 1330, by mapping the groups of bits and thecorresponding parity bit(s) to the even-exponent modulationconstellation, the wireless communication device may generate mappedconstellation samples associated with an odd-exponent modulationconstellation. By mapping the groups of bits with the parity bit in theparity bit location, an average Hamming distance of the odd-exponentmodulation constellation may be improved, thereby reducing BER of thewireless communication device.

As indicated above, FIG. 13 is provided as an example. Other examplesare possible and may differ from what was described with regard to FIG.13.

FIGS. 14A-14C are diagrams of examples 1400 of Hamming distances for an8OE-QAM modulation constellation. As shown in FIG. 14A, a firstconstellation 1405 may be generated when a parity bit location of b0(e.g., a last bit) is used. Gray constellation points, shown for exampleby reference number 1410, represent virtual constellation points. Asused herein, a virtual constellation point refers to a constellationpoint of an even-exponent constellation that is not used for acorresponding odd-exponent constellation. For example, the virtualconstellation point may be dropped based at least in part on an XORoperation with regard to a parity bit of a corresponding group of bits.

Black constellation points, shown for example by reference number 1415,represent real constellation points. As used herein, a realconstellation point refers to a constellation point of an even-exponentconstellation that is used for a corresponding odd-exponentconstellation. Hamming distances between the real constellation pointsare shown using numbers, for example, shown by reference number 1420.Each number is shown next to a line, which indicates the pair of realconstellation points for which the number represents the Hammingdistance. Here, for example, the two real constellation points connectedby the line shown by reference number 1420 have a Hamming distance of 1and values of 0010 and 0111, respectively. This may be because one ofthe two differing values (e.g., b0) is used as a parity bit, andtherefore does not directly influence the Hamming distance calculation.Thus, the values of 0010 and 0111 differ by a single bit other than theparity bit, corresponding to a Hamming distance of 1.

As shown, a second constellation 1425 may be generated when a parity bitlocation of b1 is used. As shown by reference number 1430, the Hammingdistances for the second constellation 1425 may be different than forthe first constellation 1405. For example, the Hamming distance shown byreference number 1430 may be 2 because the symbols of the correspondingreal constellation points differ by two values, and neither of the twovalues is a parity bit. Some techniques and apparatuses described hereinmay select determine the parity bit location to reduce an averageHamming distance of the constellation, as described in more detailelsewhere herein.

FIG. 14B shows examples of differences in Hamming distance symmetry fordifferent parity bit locations. As shown in FIG. 14B, and by referencenumber 1435, for an 8OE-QAM constellation with b0 as a parity bit, theHamming distances of the constellation may exhibit horizontal symmetry.As shown by reference number 1440, for an 8OE-QAM constellation with b2as a parity bit, the Hamming distances of the constellation may exhibitvertical symmetry.

FIG. 14C shows examples of different average Hamming valuescorresponding to different parity bit locations. As shown by referencenumber 1445, when a parity bit location of b0 is used, the 8OE-QAMconstellation may have a first row 1450 of Hamming distances of 1, asecond row 1455 of Hamming distances of 2, and a third row 1460 ofHamming distances of 1. As shown by reference number 1465, when a paritybit location of b1 is used, the 8OE-QAM constellation may have a firstrow 1470 of Hamming distances of 2, a second row 1475 of Hammingdistances of 1, and a third row 1480 of Hamming distances of 2.

In some aspects, the wireless communication device (or another device)may determine an average Hamming distance for a constellation. Forexample, the wireless communication device or the other device maydetermine the average Hamming distance to select a parity bit locationthat reduces or minimizes the average Hamming distance. In some aspects,the wireless communication device may determine average Hamming distancebased at least in part on the following equation:

A=(Σ_(i=1) ^(size of OE-QAM)(Σ_(j=1) ^(No. of NBRs of i) ^(th)^(point)HD(i,j))/No. of NBRs of i ^(th)point)/(size of OE-QAM)

wherein “NBR” stands for “neighbor,” “HD” stands for “Hamming distance,”and “size of OE-QAM” corresponds to the number of real points (e.g.,cardinality) of the constellation.

The below table provides examples of average Hamming distances A foreach parity bit location bN through b0 of various 2̂N OE-QAMconstellations, which may be computed using the equation shown above:

 8-OE-QAM [1.75 1.25 1.75 1.25]  32-OE-QAM [1.875 1.75 1.375 1.875 1.751.375] 128-OE-QAM [1.9375 1.875 1.75 1.4375 1.9375 1.875 1.75 1.4375]512-OE-QAM [1.9688 1.9375 1.875 1.75 1.4688 1.9688 1.9375 1.875 1.751.4688]

As an example of parity bit locations which may be determined based atleast in part on the table above, for an 8OE-QAM constellation, thewireless communication device may determine a parity bit location of b0or b2 (e.g., corresponding to the lowest average Hamming distance of1.25). In some aspects, for a 32OE-QAM constellation, the wirelesscommunication device may determine a parity bit location of b0 or b3(e.g., corresponding to the lowest average Hamming distance of 1.375).In some aspects, for a 128OE-QAM constellation, the wirelesscommunication device may determine a parity bit location of b0 or b4(e.g., corresponding to the lowest average Hamming distance of 1.4375).In some aspects, for a 512OE-QAM constellation, the wirelesscommunication device may determine a parity bit location of b0 or b5(e.g., corresponding to the lowest average Hamming distance of 1.4688).Thus, the BER of the wireless communication device may be reduced basedat least in part on minimizing the Hamming distance of the OE-QAMconstellation.

As indicated above, FIGS. 14A-14C are provided as examples. Otherexamples are possible and may differ from what was described inconnection with FIGS. 14A-14C.

FIG. 15 is a diagram illustrating an example chart 1500 of BER and SNRfor an 8OE-QAM constellation with different parity bit locations.Reference number 1510 indicates a line showing BER and SNR for an8OE-QAM constellation with a parity bit location of b1 or b3, andreference number 1520 indicates a line showing BER and SNR for an8OE-QAM constellation with a parity bit location of b0 or b2. As shown,at a given SNR, the BER is improved (e.g., lower) for parity bitlocations of b0 or b2 in comparison to parity bit locations of b1 or b3.Similar benefits are provided for 32OE-QAM, 128OE-QAM, and 512OE-QAM,but are not illustrated herein for brevity.

As indicated above. FIG. 15 is provided as an example. Other examplesare possible and may differ from what was described with regard to FIG.15.

FIG. 16 is a diagram illustrating an example process 1600 for wirelesscommunication performed, for example, by a wireless communicationdevice, in accordance with various aspects of the present disclosure.Example process 1600 is an example where a wireless communication device(e.g., the eNB 110, 210, 230, the UE 145, 250, or another device capableof encoding signals using OE-QAM) performs determination of a parity bitlocation for OE-QAM.

As shown in FIG. 16, in some aspects, process 1600 may includedetermining an odd-exponent modulation constellation order for a groupof bits (block 1610). For example, the wireless communication device(e.g., using controller/processor 605, controller/processor 660, and/orthe like) may determine an OE modulation constellation order for a groupof bits. In some aspects, the wireless communication device maydetermine the OE modulation constellation order based at least in parton information received from another device, such as informationidentifying an MCS and/or the like.

As shown in FIG. 16, in some aspects, process 1600 may includedetermining a parity bit location for the group of bits based at leastin part on the odd-exponent modulation constellation order (block 1620).For example, the wireless communication device (e.g., usingcontroller/processor 605, controller/processor 660, and/or the like) maydetermine a parity bit location for the group of bits based at least inpart on the OE modulation constellation order. In some aspects, thewireless communication device may determine the parity bit locationbased at least in part on a lookup table, based at least in part on aprotocol between a transmitter or receiver (e.g., where the wirelesscommunication device is one of the transmitter or the receiver), and/orthe like. In some aspects, the wireless communication device may receiveinformation identifying the parity bit location. For example, thewireless communication device may receive a packet associated with theodd-exponent modulation constellation order. The packet (e.g., a headerfield of the packet) may indicate the parity bit location.

As shown in FIG. 16, in some aspects, process 1600 may include mappingthe group of bits, with a parity bit in the parity bit location, to anodd-exponent modulation constellation of the odd-exponent modulationconstellation order (block 1630). For example, the wirelesscommunication device (e.g., using controller/processor 605,controller/processor 660, and/or the like) may map the group of bits andthe parity bit to an OE modulation constellation of the OE modulationconstellation order. This may be accomplished by mapping the group ofbits and the parity bits to a next-higher-order constellation, and theparity bit may lead to the mapping of real constellation points of thenext-higher-order constellation to the OE modulation constellation. Theusage of the parity bit in the parity bit location may reduce Hammingdistance of the OE modulation constellation (e.g., to a minimum, tosatisfy a threshold, etc.), which may improve BER of the wirelesscommunication device.

Process 1600 may include additional aspects, such as any single aspector any combination of aspects described above and/or in connection withone or more other processes described elsewhere herein.

In some aspects, the parity bit location is determined to minimize orreduce a property of the odd-exponent modulation constellation. In someaspects, the parity bit location is determined to minimize a valueassociated with a set of Hamming distances of the odd-exponentmodulation constellation. In some aspects, the value associated with theset of Hamming distances is an average Hamming distance of the set ofHamming distances. In some aspects, the parity bit is added as a firstbit or last bit of the group of bits. In some aspects, the parity bit isadded as an interior bit of the group of bits.

In some aspects, the wireless communication device may map the group ofbits with the parity bit to an even-exponent modulation constellation ofa next-higher order than the odd-exponent modulation constellation togenerate the odd-exponent modulation constellation. In some aspects, thedetermination of the parity bit location is based at least in part on alookup table. In some aspects, the determination of the parity bitlocation is based at least in part on a protocol between a transmitterand a receiver. In some aspects, the parity bit location is indicated ina header field of a packet transmitted from the transmitter to thereceiver.

Although FIG. 16 shows example blocks of process 1600, in some aspects,process 1600 may include additional blocks, fewer blocks, differentblocks, or differently arranged blocks than those depicted in FIG. 16.Additionally, or alternatively, two or more of the blocks of process1600 may be performed in parallel.

FIG. 17 is a conceptual data flow diagram 1700 illustrating the dataflow between different modules/means/components in an example apparatus1702. The apparatus 1702 may be a wireless communication device (e.g.,the eNB 110, 210, 230, the UE 145, 250, and/or the like). In someaspects, the apparatus 1702 includes a reception module 1704, adetermination module 1706, a mapping module 1708, and/or a transmissionmodule 1710.

The reception module 1704 may receive signals 1712. In some aspects, thereception module 1704 may receive the signals 1712 from another device(e.g., a device 1750). In some aspects, the signals 1712 may include abit stream and/or one or more groups of bits to be modulated. In someaspects, the signals 1712 may be received from the apparatus 1702 (e.g.,from a different protocol stack layer of the apparatus 1702, etc.). Thereception module may provide the signals 1712 to the determinationmodule 1706 as data 1714. In some aspects, the data 1714 may includegroups of bits. In some aspects, the data 1714 may identify anodd-exponent modulation constellation order for a group of bits or atransmission.

The determination module 1706 may determine an odd-exponent modulationconstellation order for a group of bits based at least in part on thedata 1714. The determination module 1706 may determine a parity bitlocation for the group of bits based at least in part on theodd-exponent modulation constellation order. The determination module1706 may provide the groups of bits of the particular size to themapping module 1708 as data 1716. In some aspects, the determinationmodule 1706 may generate the parity bits, and/or may provide the paritybits with the groups of bits of the particular size. In some aspects,the determination module 1706 and/or the mapping module 1708 may be partof a modulation or signaling module of the apparatus 1702, such as acomponent or module of a communication chain and/or the like.

The mapping module 1708 may map the groups of bits, with a parity bit inthe parity bit location, to an odd-exponent modulation constellation ofthe odd-exponent modulation constellation order. The mapping module 1708may provide the odd-exponent modulation constellation and/or a signalgenerated based at least in part on mapping the groups of bits to thetransmission module 1710 as data 1718. In some aspects, the data 1718may include a packet. For example, a header field of the packet mayidentify the parity bit location and/or the odd-exponent modulationconstellation order. The transmission module 1710 may transmit a signal1720 based at least in part on the odd-exponent modulationconstellation.

The apparatus may include additional modules that perform each of theblocks of the algorithm in the aforementioned flow chart of FIG. 16. Assuch, each block in the aforementioned flow chart of FIG. 16 may beperformed by a module and the apparatus may include one or more of thosemodules. The modules may be one or more hardware components specificallyconfigured to carry out the stated processes/algorithm, implemented by aprocessor configured to perform the stated processes/algorithm, storedwithin a computer-readable medium for implementation by a processor, orsome combination thereof.

The number and arrangement of modules shown in FIG. 17 are provided asan example. In practice, there may be additional modules, fewer modules,different modules, or differently arranged modules than those shown inFIG. 17. Furthermore, two or more modules shown in FIG. 17 may beimplemented within a single module, or a single module shown in FIG. 17may be implemented as multiple, distributed modules. Additionally, oralternatively, a set of modules (e.g., one or more modules) shown inFIG. 17 may perform one or more functions described as being performedby another set of modules shown in FIG. 17.

FIG. 18 is a diagram 1800 illustrating an example of a hardwareimplementation for an apparatus 1702′ employing a processing system1802. The apparatus 1702′ may be a wireless communication device (e.g.,the eNB 110, 210, 230, the UE 145, 250, and/or the like).

The processing system 1802 may be implemented with a bus architecture,represented generally by the bus 1804. The bus 1804 may include anynumber of interconnecting buses and bridges depending on the specificapplication of the processing system 1802 and the overall designconstraints. The bus 1804 links together various circuits including oneor more processors and/or hardware modules, represented by the processor1806, the modules 1704, 1706, 1708, 1710, and the computer-readablemedium/memory 1808. The bus 1804 may also link various other circuitssuch as timing sources, peripherals, voltage regulators, and powermanagement circuits, which are well known in the art, and therefore,will not be described any further.

The processing system 1802 may be coupled to a transceiver 1810. Thetransceiver 1810 is coupled to one or more antennas 1812. Thetransceiver 1810 provides a means for communicating with various otherapparatus over a transmission medium. The transceiver 1810 receives asignal from the one or more antennas 1812, extracts information from thereceived signal, and provides the extracted information to theprocessing system 1802, specifically the reception module 1704. Inaddition, the transceiver 1810 receives information from the processingsystem 1802, specifically the transmission module 1710, and based atleast in part on the received information, generates a signal to beapplied to the one or more antennas 1812. The processing system 1802includes a processor 1806 coupled to a computer-readable medium/memory1808. The processor 1806 is responsible for general processing,including the execution of software stored on the computer-readablemedium/memory 1808. The software, when executed by the processor 1806,causes the processing system 1802 to perform the various functionsdescribed supra for any particular apparatus. The computer-readablemedium/memory 1808 may also be used for storing data that is manipulatedby the processor 1806 when executing software. The processing systemfurther includes at least one of the modules 1704, 1706, 1708, and 1710.The modules may be software modules running in the processor 1806,resident/stored in the computer readable medium/memory 1808, one or morehardware modules coupled to the processor 1806, or some combinationthereof. In some aspects, the processing system 1802 may be a componentof the eNB 110, 210, 230 and may include the memory 635 and/or at leastone of the TX processor 610, the RX processor 630, and/or thecontroller/processor 605. Additionally, or alternatively, the processingsystem 1802 may be a component of the UE 145, 250 and may include thememory 665 and/or at least one of the TX processor 680, the RX processor650, and/or the controller/processor 660.

In some aspects, the apparatus 1702/1702′ for wireless communicationincludes means for determining an odd-exponent modulation constellationorder for a group of bits; means for determining a parity bit locationfor the group of bits based at least in part on the odd-exponentmodulation constellation order; means for mapping the group of bits,with a parity bit in the parity bit location, to an odd-exponentmodulation constellation of the odd-exponent modulation constellationorder; and means for mapping the group of bits with the parity bit to aneven-exponent modulation constellation of a next-higher order than theodd-exponent modulation constellation to generate the odd-exponentmodulation constellation. The aforementioned means may be one or more ofthe aforementioned modules of the apparatus 1702 and/or the processingsystem 1802 of the apparatus 1702′ configured to perform the functionsrecited by the aforementioned means. As described supra, the processingsystem 1802 may include the TX processor 610, the RX processor 630, thecontroller/processor 605, the TX processor 680, the RX processor 650,and/or the controller/processor 660. As such, in one configuration, theaforementioned means may be the TX processor 610, the RX processor 630,the controller/processor 605, the TX processor 680, the RX processor650, and/or the controller/processor 660 configured to perform thefunctions recited by the aforementioned means.

FIG. 18 is provided as an example. Other examples are possible and maydiffer from what was described in connection with FIG. 18.

The foregoing disclosure provides illustration and description, but isnot intended to be exhaustive or to limit the aspects to the preciseform disclosed. Modifications and variations are possible in light ofthe above disclosure or may be acquired from practice of the aspects.

As used herein, the term component is intended to be broadly construedas hardware, firmware, or a combination of hardware and software. Asused herein, a processor is implemented in hardware, firmware, or acombination of hardware and software.

Some aspects are described herein in connection with thresholds. As usedherein, satisfying a threshold may refer to a value being greater thanthe threshold, greater than or equal to the threshold, less than thethreshold, less than or equal to the threshold, equal to the threshold,not equal to the threshold, and/or the like.

It will be apparent that systems and/or methods, described herein, maybe implemented in different forms of hardware, firmware, or acombination of hardware and software. The actual specialized controlhardware or software code used to implement these systems and/or methodsis not limiting of the aspects. Thus, the operation and behavior of thesystems and/or methods were described herein without reference tospecific software code—it being understood that software and hardwarecan be designed to implement the systems and/or methods based, at leastin part, on the description herein.

Even though particular combinations of features are recited in theclaims and/or disclosed in the specification, these combinations are notintended to limit the disclosure of possible aspects. In fact, many ofthese features may be combined in ways not specifically recited in theclaims and/or disclosed in the specification. Although each dependentclaim listed below may directly depend on only one claim, the disclosureof possible aspects includes each dependent claim in combination withevery other claim in the claim set. A phrase referring to “at least oneof” a list of items refers to any combination of those items, includingsingle members. As an example, “at least one of: a, b, or c” is intendedto cover a, b, c, a-b, a-c, b-c, and a-b-c, as well as any combinationwith multiples of the same element (e.g., a-a, a-a-a, a-a-b, a-a-c,a-b-b, a-c-c, b-b, b-b-b, b-b-c, c-c, and c-c-c or any other ordering ofa, b, and c).

No element, act, or instruction used herein should be construed ascritical or essential unless explicitly described as such. Also, as usedherein, the articles “a” and “an” are intended to include one or moreitems, and may be used interchangeably with “one or more.” Furthermore,as used herein, the terms “set” and “group” are intended to include oneor more items (e.g., related items, unrelated items, a combination ofrelated and unrelated items, and/or the like), and may be usedinterchangeably with “one or more.” Where only one item is intended, theterm “one” or similar language is used. Also, as used herein, the terms“has,” “have,” “having,” and/or the like are intended to be open-endedterms. Further, the phrase “based on” is intended to mean “based, atleast in part, on” unless explicitly stated otherwise.

What is claimed is:
 1. A method of wireless communication performed by awireless communication device, comprising: determining an odd-exponentmodulation constellation order for a group of bits; determining a paritybit location for the group of bits based at least in part on theodd-exponent modulation constellation order; and mapping the group ofbits, with a parity bit in the parity bit location, to an odd-exponentmodulation constellation of the odd-exponent modulation constellationorder.
 2. The method of claim 1, wherein the parity bit location isdetermined to minimize or reduce a property of the odd-exponentmodulation constellation.
 3. The method of claim 1, wherein the paritybit location is determined to minimize a value associated with a set ofHamming distances of the odd-exponent modulation constellation.
 4. Themethod of claim 3, wherein the value associated with the set of Hammingdistances is an average Hamming distance of the set of Hammingdistances.
 5. The method of claim 1, wherein the parity bit is added asa first bit or last bit of the group of bits.
 6. The method of claim 1,wherein the parity bit is added as an interior bit of the group of bits.7. The method of claim 1, wherein mapping the group of bits, with theparity bit in the parity bit location, to the odd-exponent modulationconstellation further comprises: mapping the group of bits with theparity bit to an even-exponent modulation constellation of a next-higherorder than the odd-exponent modulation constellation to generate theodd-exponent modulation constellation.
 8. The method of claim 1, whereinthe determination of the parity bit location is based at least in parton a lookup table.
 9. The method of claim 1, wherein the determinationof the parity bit location is based at least in part on a protocolbetween a transmitter and a receiver.
 10. The method of claim 9, whereinthe parity bit location is indicated in a header field of a packettransmitted from the transmitter to the receiver.
 11. A wirelesscommunication device for wireless communication, comprising: a memory;and one or more processors operatively coupled to the memory, the memoryand the one or more processors configured to: determine an odd-exponentmodulation constellation order for a group of bits; determine a paritybit location for the group of bits based at least in part on theodd-exponent modulation constellation order; and map the group of bits,with a parity bit in the parity bit location, to an odd-exponentmodulation constellation of the odd-exponent modulation constellationorder.
 12. The wireless communication device of claim 11, wherein theparity bit location is determined to minimize a value associated with aset of Hamming distances of the odd-exponent modulation constellation.13. The wireless communication device of claim 12, wherein the valueassociated with the set of Hamming distances is an average Hammingdistance of the set of Hamming distances.
 14. The wireless communicationdevice of claim 11, wherein the parity bit is added as a first bit orlast bit of the group of bits.
 15. The wireless communication device ofclaim 11, wherein the parity bit is added as an interior bit of thegroup of bits.
 16. The wireless communication device of claim 11,wherein the one or more processors, when mapping the group of bits, withthe parity bit in the parity bit location, to the odd-exponentmodulation constellation, are further to: map the group of bits with theparity bit to an even-exponent modulation constellation of a next-higherorder than the odd-exponent modulation constellation to generate theodd-exponent modulation constellation.
 17. The wireless communicationdevice of claim 11, wherein the determination of the parity bit locationis based at least in part on a lookup table.
 18. The wirelesscommunication device of claim 11, wherein the determination of theparity bit location is based at least in part on a protocol between atransmitter and a receiver.
 19. The wireless communication device ofclaim 18, wherein the parity bit location is indicated in a header fieldof a packet transmitted from the transmitter to the receiver.
 20. Anon-transitory computer-readable medium storing one or more instructionsfor wireless communication, the one or more instructions comprising: oneor more instructions that, when executed by one or more processors of awireless communication device, cause the one or more processors to:determine an odd-exponent modulation constellation order for a group ofbits; determine a parity bit location for the group of bits based atleast in part on the odd-exponent modulation constellation order; andmap the group of bits, with a parity bit in the parity bit location, toan odd-exponent modulation constellation of the odd-exponent modulationconstellation order.
 21. The non-transitory computer-readable medium ofclaim 20, wherein the parity bit location is determined to minimize avalue associated with a set of Hamming distances of the odd-exponentmodulation constellation.
 22. The non-transitory computer-readablemedium of claim 21, wherein the value associated with the set of Hammingdistances is an average Hamming distance of the set of Hammingdistances.
 23. The non-transitory computer-readable medium of claim 20,wherein the parity bit is added as a first bit or last bit of the groupof bits.
 24. The non-transitory computer-readable medium of claim 20,wherein the parity bit is added as an interior bit of the group of bits.25. The non-transitory computer-readable medium of claim 20, wherein theone or more instructions, that cause the one or more processors to mapthe group of bits, with the parity bit in the parity bit location, tothe odd-exponent modulation constellation, further cause the one or moreprocessors to: map the group of bits with the parity bit to aneven-exponent modulation constellation of a next-higher order than theodd-exponent modulation constellation to generate the odd-exponentmodulation constellation.
 26. The non-transitory computer-readablemedium of claim 20, wherein the determination of the parity bit locationis based at least in part on a lookup table.
 27. The non-transitorycomputer-readable medium of claim 20, wherein the determination of theparity bit location is based at least in part on a protocol between atransmitter and a receiver.
 28. The non-transitory computer-readablemedium of claim 27, wherein the parity bit location is indicated in aheader field of a packet transmitted from the transmitter to thereceiver.
 29. An apparatus for wireless communication, comprising: meansfor determining an odd-exponent modulation constellation order for agroup of bits; means for determining a parity bit location for the groupof bits based at least in part on the odd-exponent modulationconstellation order; and means for mapping the group of bits, with aparity bit in the parity bit location, to an odd-exponent modulationconstellation of the odd-exponent modulation constellation order. 30.The apparatus of claim 29, wherein the parity bit location is determinedto minimize a value associated with a set of Hamming distances of theodd-exponent modulation constellation.
 31. The apparatus of claim 30,wherein the value associated with the set of Hamming distances is anaverage Hamming distance of the set of Hamming distances.
 32. Theapparatus of claim 29, wherein the parity bit is added as a first bit orlast bit of the group of bits.
 33. The apparatus of claim 29, whereinthe parity bit is added as an interior bit of the group of bits.
 34. Theapparatus of claim 29, wherein the means for mapping the group of bits,with the parity bit in the parity bit location, to the odd-exponentmodulation constellation further comprises: means for mapping the groupof bits with the parity bit to an even-exponent modulation constellationof a next-higher order than the odd-exponent modulation constellation togenerate the odd-exponent modulation constellation.
 35. The apparatus ofclaim 29, wherein the determination of the parity bit location is basedat least in part on a lookup table.
 36. The apparatus of claim 29,wherein the determination of the parity bit location is based at leastin part on a protocol between a transmitter and a receiver.
 37. Theapparatus of claim 36, wherein the parity bit location is indicated in aheader field of a packet transmitted from the transmitter to thereceiver.